Did you know that 50% of patients suffering from different types of aneurysms die before they reach the hospital?
Indeed, a significant proportion of these cases are already fatal before the patient realizes it. Aneurysms are silent killers that linger within our bodies, ready to strike at any moment. It is a protrusion or enlargement in a blood vessel and may cause life-threatening bleeding. Aneurysms form anywhere in the body, but the brain, aorta, legs, and abdomen are the most common sites.
This article focuses on the most dangerous varieties of aneurysms and explains why early detection can be a matter of life and death. You will also learn the symptoms that may indicate an aneurysm and how medical professionals diagnose and treat these potentially fatal conditions.
Types of Aneurysms
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)
The abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is when the abdominal aorta, the main artery that supplies blood to the abdomen and lower body from the heart, becomes enlarged and weakened. Here, the aorta splits into two smaller blood vessels that supply the legs. Approximately 2-5% of men and 1-2% of women over 55 suffer from AAA. Similarly, the prevalence of AAA increases with age.
AAA can develop in anyone, but certain risk factors include smoking, high blood pressure, and family history. Additionally, men over the age of 65 are also prone to developing AAA. High cholesterol, atherosclerosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are additional medical conditions that may increase the risk of this type of aneurysm.
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA)
A thoracic aortic aneurysm is an abnormal bulging or ballooning in the aorta, the main artery that transports oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. It typically occurs within the thoracic cavity, but it is most common in the ascending aorta, the section of the aorta that is closest to the heart.
TAA can also affect anyone, but one of its most common risk factors is high blood pressure. Injuries and trauma can trigger the formation of this type of aneurysm. Certain connective tissue disorders, such as Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, are also associated with an increased risk of thoracic aortic aneurysm.
It is less prevalent than AAA, affecting between 2% to 5% of 65-year-olds. However, it also increases with age and worsens over time.
Cerebral Aneurysm
Aneurysms of the brain can be asymptomatic. This artery swelling may fill with blood and rupture, resulting in a hemorrhagic stroke, a severe and potentially fatal condition. Estimates suggest that approximately 3.2% of the global population may have an intracranial aneurysm. However, not all aneurysms will rupture or cause symptoms.
Cerebral aneurysms can develop in various brain areas, but the anterior communicating artery, internal carotid artery, posterior communicating artery, and basilar artery are common sites.
It is most prevalent among adults aged 30 to 60. Certain substances, such as cocaine and amphetamines, can increase the likelihood of developing a cerebral aneurysm. Head injuries or trauma to the blood vessels in the brain can sometimes lead to aneurysm formation.
Peripheral Aneurysm
An aneurysm of a peripheral artery is a bulge or ballooning in an artery other than the aorta. Peripheral aneurysms can occur anywhere in the body, but the legs and neck are the most common sites.
High blood pressure is a significant risk factor for peripheral aneurysms. Men are significantly more susceptible to peripheral aneurysms, particularly knee joint artery aneurysms. Diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and family history are additional medical conditions that can increase the risk of peripheral aneurysm.
Approximately 1% to 5% of the general population is affected by this form of aneurysm. However, the prevalence is greater among individuals with certain risk factors, such as smoking and hypertension.
Risk Factors
As arteries naturally weaken and lose elasticity with age, the likelihood of aneurysm formation increases. According to neurosurgeon and aneurysm treatment expert Dr. Michael Lawton, the risk of cerebral aneurysms increases with each decade of life.
Another well-known risk factor for aneurysm development and rupture is smoking. A study published in 2017 in “The Journal of Neurosurgery” discovered that smoking can contribute to the recurrence of cerebrovascular aneurysms.
Hypertension can damage the arterial walls over time, increasing the risk of aneurysm formation and rupture. A family history of aneurysms is also a significant risk factor, suggesting a genetic predisposition. A study published by the International Journal of Surgery in 2019 mentioned these factors highly contribute to the development of aneurysms.
Symptoms
The symptoms of an aneurysm can vary depending on the aneurysm’s type and location. An abdominal aortic aneurysm often has persistent abdominal pain, chest, lower back, or groin discomfort. On the other hand, a patient with a thoracic aortic aneurysm may experience hoarseness, swallowing difficulties, hyperventilation, chest and back pain, and a rapid heart rate.
Cerebral or intracranial aneurysms may be asymptomatic and cause symptoms only when ruptured. Symptoms of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm include a sudden severe headache, visual disturbances, and neck discomfort or stiffness.
For Peripheral aneurysms, a patient may have dizziness, feel throbbing, or persistent pain localized to the aneurysm site. When an aneurysm impacts the blood flow to the extremities, it can cause limb weakness and walking difficulties.
Early detection of aneurysms permits prompt treatment and can prevent complications such as rupture and bleeding. Numerous aneurysms are asymptomatic until rupture. Therefore, regular checkups can substantially prevent rupture and enhance treatment outcomes.
Diagnosis
Medical professionals use numerous diagnostic tools and imaging techniques to detect and evaluate any form of aneurysm. Ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging test that employs sound waves to detect abdominal, leg, and neck aneurysms. It is frequently a first-line screening tool for individuals with peripheral aneurysm symptoms or risk factors.
A CT scan is a type of X-ray that creates detailed images of the inside of the body. It usually detects abdominal, thoracic, and cerebral aneurysms. Doctors often use it when there is a suspected rupture or severe symptoms. Screening with CT scans for asymptomatic individuals is generally not recommended unless there are specific risk factors or symptoms.
Commonly, doctors use MRI to detect cerebral aneurysms. It creates comprehensive images of the brain and blood vessels using radio waves and strong magnetic fields. Doctors recommend it when cerebral aneurysms are a concern, particularly in individuals with risk factors.
An angiogram is another X-ray procedure that uses a special dye to show the blood vessels in the body. Doctors may use it to detect aneurysms in any part of the body. It usually helps in definitive diagnosis and treatment planning.
Treatment Options
Open and endovascular repair are the two most common surgical procedures for treating aneurysms. The approach chosen depends on variables such as the aneurysm’s location, size, and shape, as well as the patient’s overall health.
In open repair, a surgical incision accesses the aneurysm directly. Medical professionals often preferred open repair for larger aneurysms, complex shapes, or locations where endovascular repair, such as the aortic arch, may be challenging.
Endovascular repair, on the other hand, is a minimally invasive procedure. A surgeon inserts a catheter into the aneurysm site through a small incision to reinforce the blood vessel walls and redirect blood flow away from the aneurysm.
For unruptured aneurysms or when surgery is not feasible, doctors may prescribe medications to manage aneurysms conservatively and reduce the risk of complications. Beta-blockers and calcium-channel blockers control high blood pressure to reduce the risk of aneurysm growth and rupture.
Prevention Methods
Although no one can control some factors contributing to aneurysm development, such as genetics, patients can do several lifestyle modifications to reduce the risk of developing aneurysms or suffering complications.
Adopting a diet low in sodium and abundant in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can help reduce blood pressure. Additionally, quitting smoking is one of the most effective means of reducing this risk.
When underlying conditions such as diabetes or high cholesterol are present, appropriate management and attention to medication can reduce the risk of aneurysm development.
Regular checkups can assess risk factors and ensure physicians prescribe and modify medications to control aneurysms effectively. When necessary, doctors can devise a patient-specific treatment plan. In addition, they may recommend lifestyle changes to reduce the risk of aneurysm development and enhance overall health.
Complications
When an aneurysm ruptures, the weakened arterial wall tears open, allowing blood to flow into the tissues or cavities surrounding it and cause uncontrolled bleeding in the affected area. The severity of the bleeding depends on factors such as the position and size of the aneurysm. Massive blood loss can cause a drop in blood pressure, leading to shock if not promptly treated.
The rupture of an aneurysm can cause blood clots to form within and around the aneurysm. The blood clot has the potential to obstruct blood flow, resulting in a complete blockage of the affected artery.
Reduced blood flow caused by rupture and clot formation can lead to tissue ischemia in the affected area. It can result in organ damage or dysfunction, depending on the location of the aneurysm. In the case of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm, bleeding and clot formation can damage brain tissue, potentially leading to neurological deficits.
Call 911 or go to the nearest emergency department at the first sign of a suspected aneurysm rupture, such as an abrupt, severe headache or severe pain in the affected area. Respondents will assess the individual’s condition in this emergency response and administer first aid, including fluids and oxygen.
Prognosis
Survival rates for aneurysms have substantially increased in recent years due to early detection and treatment advances. Individuals with aneurysms who receive early diagnosis can reduce the risk of rupture with appropriate treatment and expect to live an average lifespan.
After a successful treatment, people with aneurysms can typically enjoy a high quality of life post-treatment and resume normal activities. However, there may be some restrictions and ongoing monitoring. It is essential to follow the doctor’s instructions carefully and take all medications as prescribed.
Financial and Legal Aspects
Diagnosing an aneurysm can range from a few hundred to several thousand dollars. The cost includes imaging tests, doctor’s visits, and other tests. Typically, health insurance plans cover a portion of diagnostic expenses, but the amount varies by plan and deductibles.
On the other hand, The cost of treating an aneurysm can range from a few thousand dollars to tens of thousands of dollars. It includes the cost of surgery or endovascular repair, hospitalization, and other medical bills. After treatment, regular follow-up visits and imaging tests may also incur additional expenses.
Medical malpractice involving aneurysms is uncommon. However, it can occur if a physician fails to diagnose or treat an aneurysm properly. Surgical errors during aneurysm repair, such as improper technique, inadequate post-operative care, and prescription errors, can result in complications and constitute medical malpractice.
Myths and Misconceptions
A common misconception is that aneurysms only affect elderly individuals. The truth is that they can affect people of all ages. Some individuals may develop aneurysms at a relatively young age due to a family history or other risk factors, such as smoking or hypertension.
Additionally, some believe that medication can treat aneurysms. Medication can manage risk factors such as hypertension and higher cholesterol but cannot eliminate an aneurysm already present. Surgical or endovascular intervention is required to treat an existing aneurysm effectively. However, Some people may rely solely on religious or alternative remedies, delaying or preventing them from seeking conventional medical care.
Some individuals avoid obtaining medical care out of fear or stigma associated with a severe medical condition.
Case Studies and Real-Life Stories
Ross Milner, MD, director of the Center for Aortic Diseases at UChicago Medicine, shared, “Some are more concerning than others. The larger it is, the more urgent it is to get care.”
For Neurosurgeon Rafael Tamargo, M.D., Director of Johns Hopkins Aneurysm Center, “We worry about it because an aneurysm can burst. If it were to burst, the consequences would be severe. Now, people are born with a defect in the vessel wall over time and with the pounding of blood.”
Dr. Olachi Mezu, one of the patients at John Hopkins, shared that she experienced a persistent headache and high blood pressure after a trip. As a physician, she knew something was wrong and immediately rushed to a hospital. The ER doctor did not detect anything suspicious from the CT scan. She was desperate to get a second opinion and underwent an angiogram. This time, her doctor from John Hopkins confirmed it was a cerebral aneurysm. Dr. Mezu had a successful surgery and eventually returned to practicing her profession.
Frequently Asked Questions
Do all aneurysms rupture?
Not every aneurysm rupture. However, any aneurysm has the potential to rupture. Therefore, if you have risk factors for aneurysms, it is essential to receive regular exams and screenings.
Can aneurysms be prevented?
Changes in lifestyle, such as blood pressure management, quitting smoking, and a healthy diet, can reduce the risk.
Is there a risk of recurrence after treatment?
The risk of recurrence depends on several factors. Regular monitoring and adherence to medical advice can aid in mitigating this danger.
Additional Resources
Here are some reputable websites, hotlines, and medical facilities where you can find more information about aneurysms, seek guidance, and access medical care:
- Aneurysm Alliance (https://aneurysmalliance.com/): Aneurysm Alliance offers a support system for aneurysm patients. It provides individuals and caregivers with information that can enrich patients’ lives with aneurysms. The website is also a good source of products related to aneurysm health.
- Brain Aneurysm Foundation (https://www.bafound.org/): BAF offers information, resources, and support to individuals and families affected by cerebral aneurysms. You can reach them at (888) 272-4602 and (781) 826-5556.
- American Heart Association (https://www.heart.org/): The AHA provides exhaustive information on different varieties of aneurysms, heart health, and prevention. You can contact the AHA helpline at +1 214-570-5978 for information and support related to cardiovascular health and aneurysms.
- John Hopkins Medicine (https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/): Johns Hopkins has a specialized institute for diagnosing and treating aneurysms. Patients may request an appointment at +1 410 502 7683.
Conclusion
Aneurysms are silent threats lurking in our blood vessels, waiting to strike. If left untreated, these unusual bulges in the artery walls can cause severe health complications, even death. High blood pressure, smoking, genetics, and age contribute to their development. Significantly, aneurysms can affect individuals of all ages and backgrounds.
Being informed empowers individuals to recognize risk factors and symptoms. Making lifestyle changes and getting regular checkups can greatly lower the risk of aneurysms and improve outcomes.
In the year 2020, I encountered one of the most significant challenges of my life when I was diagnosed with an ascending aortic aneurysm. This condition, considered one of the most severe and dangerous forms of cardiovascular disease, required immediate surgical intervention. The ascending aorta, which is the segment of the aorta that rises from the heart and delivers oxygen-rich blood to the body, had developed an abnormal bulge in its wall, known as an aneurysm. Left untreated, such an aneurysm could lead to life-threatening conditions such as aortic dissection or even aortic rupture.
In response to this urgent health crisis, I underwent emergency surgery, a procedure aimed to repair the dilated section of my aorta, thereby preventing a potential disaster. This type of surgery often involves a procedure known as an open chest aneurysm repair, where the weakened part of the aorta is replaced with a synthetic tube, a demanding operation that calls for extensive expertise and precision from the surgical team.
Surviving such a major health scare deeply impacted my life, leading me to channel my experience into something constructive and helpful for others going through the same situation. As a result, I took it upon myself to establish this website and a corresponding Facebook group. These platforms are designed to provide support, encouragement, and a sense of community for those grappling with the reality of an ascending aortic aneurysm.
I often refer to those of us who have had our aneurysms discovered and treated before a catastrophic event as “the lucky ones.” The unfortunate reality is that aortic aneurysms are often termed “silent killers” due to their propensity to remain asymptomatic until they rupture or dissect, at which point it’s often too late for intervention. Thus, we, who were diagnosed and treated timely, represent the fortunate minority, having had our aneurysms detected before the worst could happen.
Through this website and our Facebook group, I aim to raise awareness, provide critical information about the condition, share personal experiences, and, above all, offer a comforting hand to those who are facing this daunting journey. Together, we can turn our brushes with mortality into a beacon of hope for others.
Also, I make websites look pretty and rank them on search engines, raise a super amazing kid, and I have a beautiful wife.
